There is growing evidence of a link between serious gum disease and conditions that affect memory and thinking, including Alzheimer's disease.

Scientists are still studying this, but the relationship appears to work both ways.

Looking after your gums is important for your mouth and your overall health.

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How gum disease may affect the brain

Gum disease (periodontitis) is a long-term infection of the gums caused by bacteria in plaque.

When gums are inflamed and infected:

• Bacteria can enter the bloodstream.
• The body produces chemicals linked to inflammation.
• This inflammation may affect other parts of the body, including the brain.

Some studies have found bacteria linked to gum disease, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease.

Researchers think long-term inflammation and infection may play a part in changes in the brain linked to memory decline.

This does not mean gum disease directly causes Alzheimer’s disease. However, keeping gums healthy is seen as one way to reduce possible risk and support general health.

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How memory problems affect oral health

People living with Alzheimer’s disease or other causes of cognitive decline often have worse oral health. This is because the condition can make daily mouth care harder.

They may have:

• Difficulty remembering to brush teeth.
• Problems with hand control or coordination.
• Confusion or resistance to help.
• Fewer dental visits.
• Resistance to dental appointments.
• Dentures that can be easily lost.

This can lead to:

• Faster build-up of plaque.
• Gum disease.
• Tooth decay.
• Bad breath and mouth infections.

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Dry mouth and medicines

Dry mouth is common in people with memory problems. It can be caused by:

• Medicines used for mood, sleep or behaviour.

Saliva protects teeth and keeps the mouth comfortable. A dry mouth increases the risk of:

• Tooth decay.
• Sore mouth and ulcers.
• Fungal infections such as thrush.
• Difficulty eating or speaking.

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Why oral health matters

Poor oral health can cause pain, difficulty eating and weight loss. Mouth infections can also affect general health and quality of life.

Because gum disease and memory problems may influence each other, good mouth care is an important part of overall care.

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How to protect oral health

• Brush teeth last thing at night and one other time during the day with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Clean between teeth every day if possible.
• Use a fluoride mouthwash.
• Visit your dentist regularly, as often as they recommend.
• Tell the dental team about memory problems and medicines.
• Offer regular drinks of water to help with dry mouth.
• Carers may need to help with brushing using a simple, calm routine.
• Make sure denture cleaning tablets are stored and used safely.

Some people with Alzheimer’s may be reluctant to attend dental visits. It may be easier if a dentist can see them in a familiar setting, such as their nursing home. You can ask for this to be arranged.

Healthy gums support a healthy mouth and may help protect general wellbeing.