Burning mouth syndrome

What is Burning Mouth Syndrome?

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) causes a hot, burning or scalding feeling in the mouth. It's sometimes called glossodynia.

It can affect the tongue, lips, gums, roof of the mouth, inside of the cheeks, or the whole mouth.

With BMS, the mouth can feel painful or burning even though it looks normal.

This happens because of changes in how the nerves in the mouth send messages to the brain.
If these signals are misread, the brain may interpret them as pain or burning.

Although it feels hot or sore, the mouth:

• Is not hot to the touch.

• Often shows no visible redness or damage.

BMS is classed as a type of nerve-related (neuropathic) pain.

What does Burning Mouth Syndrome feel like?

People describe BMS in different ways.

It may feel like:

• A burning or scalding sensation.

• Tingling or numbness.

• A dry or sore mouth.

• A bitter or metallic taste.

For some people, symptoms:

• Start mild in the morning and get worse through the day.

• Ease at night.

• Come and go.

• Are present all the time.

Many say it feels like they have burned their mouth with hot food or drink.

What causes Burning Mouth Syndrome?

The exact cause is not always known. In many cases, there may be more than one cause.

Possible causes include:

• Hormonal changes.

• Stress, anxiety or depression.

• Damage to nerves that control taste or pain.

• Problems with the immune system.

• Reactions to some toothpastes or mouthwashes.

• Poorly fitting dentures.

• Sensitivity or allergy to denture materials.

Can medical conditions cause BMS?

Yes. BMS can sometimes be linked to other health conditions, including:

• Dry mouth.

• Acid reflux.

• Oral thrush (a fungal infection).

• Low levels of iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid.

• Diabetes.

• Thyroid problems.

Who does Burning Mouth Syndrome affect?

Anyone can develop BMS. However, it is more common in middle-aged and older adults, especially menopausal women.

How is Burning Mouth Syndrome diagnosed?

There is no single test for BMS. Your dental team will:

• Examine your mouth carefully.

• Review your medical history.

• Check dentures, if you wear them.

If no dental cause is found, you may be referred to your doctor. Tests may include:

• Blood tests.

• Mouth swabs.

• Allergy testing.

These help rule out infections, deficiencies or other medical conditions.

What treatments are available?

Treatment depends on what is causing the symptoms. Options may include:

• Treating dry mouth or oral infections.

• Adjusting or replacing dentures.

• Nutritional supplements if levels are low.

• Changing medicines that cause dry mouth.

• Pain-relief treatments aimed at nerve pain.

• Counselling or low-dose antidepressants.

Some people also find benefit from relaxation techniques such as:

• Mindfulness.

• Meditation.

• Yoga.

• Hypnotherapy.

These can help manage stress and reduce symptom severity.

What can I do to ease symptoms myself?

There are simple steps that may help reduce discomfort:

• Sip water regularly.

• Suck on crushed ice.

• Chew sugar-free gum to stimulate saliva.

• Avoid hot, spicy or acidic foods.

• Avoid alcohol-based mouthwashes.

• Avoid tobacco and alcohol.

What should I do if I think I have BMS?

Start by seeing your dental team. They can:

• Check for dental causes.

• Assess dentures.

• Look for dry mouth or infections.

• Recommend suitable products.

If no dental cause is found, you may be referred to your doctor or a specialist for further tests.

How long does Burning Mouth Syndrome last?

BMS can be a long-term condition. For some people, it lasts months. For others, it may last years.

Although it can be frustrating, many people find ways to manage symptoms and continue their daily lives as normal.

Keeping a record of symptoms, triggers and treatments you have tried can help your dental team or doctor find what works best for you.

Need support?

Living with ongoing mouth pain can be emotionally draining. If symptoms are affecting your mood or wellbeing, speak to your doctor. Support, therapy or medication may help.