Autoimmune conditions affect how the body’s immune system works.

Instead of only fighting infection, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.

There are more than 80 different autoimmune conditions, and a person can have more than one at the same time.

Many of these conditions – and the medicines used to treat them – can affect the mouth.

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Common autoimmune conditions

Some of the more common conditions include:

• Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
• Type 1 diabetes
• Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis
• Lupus
• Scleroderma
• Psoriasis
• Fibromyalgia
• Coeliac disease
• Sjögren’s syndrome / Sjögren’s disease

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How can autoimmune conditions affect oral health?

Many autoimmune conditions can increase the risk of mouth problems.

This makes good daily mouth care and regular dental support especially important.

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Dry mouth

Dry mouth is very common, especially in people with Sjögren’s syndrome.

Some medicines used to manage autoimmune conditions can also reduce saliva.

Low saliva can lead to:

• Tooth decay, especially near the gumline.
• Gum disease.
• Mouth infections, including fungal infections (thrush).
• Changes in taste.
• Difficulty chewing or swallowing.

If you have a dry mouth:

• Speak to your dentist or pharmacist about saliva-replacement products.
• Ask your doctor if your medication could be changed to reduce dryness.

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Sore mouth, ulcers and inflammation

Some autoimmune conditions can cause:

• Red, swollen or sore gums.
• Mouth ulcers or lesions.
• Pain that makes eating difficult.

This is more common with conditions such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

To help during flare-ups:

• Avoid spicy, acidic or rough foods.
• Use a soft toothbrush.
• Choose a toothpaste without sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS).
• Keep your mouth as clean as possible, even if it feels uncomfortable.

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Gum disease and tooth loss

People with autoimmune conditions may have a higher risk of gum disease.

This happens because:

• The immune system overreacts to inflammation.
• Healthy gum and bone tissue can be damaged during this response.

If gum disease is not controlled, it can lead to loose teeth and tooth loss.

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How can I protect my mouth?

If you have an autoimmune condition:

• Brush your teeth for 2 minutes, last thing at night and once more during the day, with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Clean between your teeth daily.
• Manage dry mouth symptoms early.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol.
• Visit your dental team regularly and tell them about your condition and any medications you are taking.

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Why dental care matters

Autoimmune conditions can be complex and tiring to manage.

Looking after your mouth helps prevent extra pain, infection and discomfort.

Working closely with your dental team can help reduce risks and keep your mouth as healthy as possible.