Pregnancy causes many changes in the body, including in the mouth. Hormone changes can make gums more sensitive to plaque and more likely to become inflamed.

There is also growing evidence of a link between serious gum disease and some pregnancy complications. Scientists are still studying this, but the relationship is important to understand.

Looking after your gums during pregnancy helps protect your mouth and may support overall health.

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How gum disease may affect pregnancy

Gum disease (periodontitis) is a long-term infection of the gums.

When gums are infected:

• Bacteria can enter the bloodstream.
• The body produces chemicals linked to inflammation.
• These bacteria and chemicals may reach the placenta.

Researchers think this may play a role in problems such as:

• Babies being born too early.
• Babies having a low birth weight.
• High blood pressure conditions in pregnancy.

This does not mean gum disease directly causes these problems. But keeping gums healthy is seen as an important part of pregnancy care.

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How pregnancy affects the gums

Hormone changes during pregnancy can make gums react more strongly to plaque. This can lead to pregnancy gingivitis.

You may notice:

• Red, swollen gums.
• Gums that bleed when brushing.
• Tenderness.

If not managed, this can develop into more serious gum disease.

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Other mouth changes in pregnancy

You may also have:

Sickness and acid wear: Vomiting from morning sickness can bring acid into the mouth, which can weaken tooth enamel and cause sensitivity.

After vomiting, rinse your mouth with water or a fluoride mouthwash. Wait at least 30 minutes before brushing your teeth to help protect enamel.

Dry mouth: Some people notice less saliva, which increases the risk of tooth decay and sore mouth.

Extra saliva: Others may produce more saliva, which can feel uncomfortable.

Pregnancy lumps on the gums: Some people develop a small red swelling on the gum. This is not cancer and often goes away after birth.

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Why oral health matters in pregnancy

Poor oral health can cause pain, difficulty eating and infection. Gum disease adds to inflammation in the body, which may affect general health during pregnancy.

Because gum health and pregnancy health may influence each other, mouth care is an important part of looking after yourself.

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Is dental treatment safe?

Routine dental care, including gum treatment and professional cleaning, is safe during pregnancy. Treating gum disease can reduce inflammation and improve comfort.

It is safe to have a local anaesthetic for dental treatment during pregnancy. Your dentist may choose one that does not contain adrenaline (epinephrine).

Always tell your dental team you are pregnant and what stage you are at.

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How to protect your oral health

• Brush teeth last thing at night and one other time during the day with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Clean between teeth every day.
• Spit out after brushing, but do not rinse with water straight away.
• Rinse with water after vomiting and wait before brushing.
• Visit your dentist regularly, as often as they recommend.
• Cut down on sugary snacks and drinks.
• Tell your dentist or midwife if your gums bleed often.

Healthy gums support a healthy mouth and are an important part of pregnancy care.